This appeared last week:
Fertility
crisis Women
Birthrates are plummeting worldwide. Can governments
turn the tide?
Nations are
deploying baby bonuses, subsidised childcare and parental leave to try and
reverse a rapidly declining fertility rate – largely to no avail
Tory Shepherd
Sun 11 Aug
2024 00.00 AEST Last modified on Sun 11 Aug 2024 09.58 AEST
Sophia and
her partner have been thinking about having children for about five years. They
are concerned about humanity’s impact on biodiversity loss and climate change
and worried about what the future holds.
“Our
conversation has two parts,” says Sophia, a communications specialist who
preferred not to use her full name. “One is: what’s the contribution of a child
to the global [climate] crisis? The second one is [about] what would their life
be like.
“I live with
heaps of grief about biodiversity collapse. I think about the future and what
the future of a child would be like in that sense.”
The fear of
climate change has led to couples having fewer
babies; about
one in five female climate scientists say they will have no children or
fewer children because of the crisis.
It’s not the
only reason for what governments and headlines are calling a baby crisis, a
population crisis, a fertility crisis, a demographic crisis, an ageing crisis
and an economic crisis. The cost of living, housing security and a lack of
opportunity also play their part.
The upshot is
that all over the world (nearly – but more on that in a bit), governments are
concerned that women are simply not having enough babies.
Elon Musk
thinks falling
birthrates are a bigger risk to civilisation than global heating. There’s a
burgeoning
movement of pronatalists wanting to have “tons of kids” to save the world.
It’s fairly
clear that, when women are more educated, more liberated, and more able to
access contraception, they start having fewer children. What’s not clear is how
to convince them to have more. Cheaper childcare? More flexible workplaces?
More help from the menfolk? Affordable housing? More optimism about the future?
‘Low-fertility
future’
Statistics
show most countries are now below replacement rate – that’s 2.1 children per
woman, enough to replace the existing population with a bit of a buffer.
Five decades
ago, Paul
Ehrlich’s book The Population Bomb sparked global fears of “mass
starvation” on a “dying planet” because of overpopulation. Now, experts are
warning the fertility crisis is set to leave a dwindling youth base supporting
a swelling ageing population and panicked governments around the world are
throwing money at the omnicrisis.
On 11 July,
the United Nations released World
Population Prospects 2024, a revision of their population estimates from
1950 to the present for 237 countries, with projections to the year 2100. The
report said that “women today bear one child fewer, on average, than they did
around 1990”, and that the world’s population is now expected to peak at about
10.3 billion in the mid-2080s (up from about 8.2 billion today) before starting
to fall.
That peak
will come earlier than expected for reasons including “lower-than-expected
levels of fertility”, it found.
In March, an
article published in the Lancet set off a new wave of headlines warning of
catastrophe. A study titled global
fertility in 204 countries and territories, 1950-2021, with forecasts to 2100:
a comprehensive demographic analysis for the global burden of disease study
2021, by the University of Washington’s Institute for Health Metrics and
Evaluation (IHME), found the world was approaching a “low-fertility future”.
The IHME
study said by 2050, more than three quarters of the countries will be below
replacement rate. By 2100, it will be 97%.
The only
countries projected to have more than 2.1 by then are Samoa, Somalia, Tonga,
Niger, Chad and Tajikistan.
“Governments
must plan for emerging threats to economies, food security, health, the
environment and geopolitical security brought on by these demographic changes
that are set to transform the way we live,” an accompanying press release said.
Low-income
places with higher fertility rates – such as sub-Sarahan Africa, which is set
to contribute over half the world’s births by 2100 – will need better access to
contraceptives and female education, the researchers said.
Low-fertility,
higher-income countries such as South Korea and Japan will need open
immigration and policies to support parents.
The study
also looked at pro-natal policies already in place, such as free childcare,
better parental care leave, financial incentives and employment rights. But the
findings suggested that even pro-natal policies could not boost fertility rates
up to replacement levels, although “they may prevent some countries from
dropping to extremely low fertility levels”.
Dr Natalia V
Bhattacharjee, a co-lead author on the study, said the trends would “completely
reconfigure the global economy and the international balance of power and will
necessitate reorganising societies”.
Bhattacharjee
also warned that some countries might try to “justify more draconian measures”
to limit reproductive rights.
We are not
replacing ourselves through births
Dr Liz
Allen
Meanwhile, in
Taiwan, where the fertility rate has now fallen to 0.865,
they
are closing schools. In Japan, where the rate is 1.21, sales
of adult incontinence products have outstripped nappy sales.
In Greece, where it’s 1.264,
some villages have
not seen a birth in years and people are being encouraged to work
a six-day week. And in South Korea, where it’s 0.72,
the population is expected
to halve by 2100.
“Australia’s
population is structurally ageing and that means that we are living longer and
we are not replacing ourselves through births,” says Dr Liz Allen, a
demographer and lecturer at the Australian National University centre for
social research and methods.
Australia’s
fertility rate peaked at 3.5 in 1961. By 1975 – not long after Gough Whitlam
abolished the luxury tax on the contraceptive pill – it had dropped to
replacement level (2.1), and now, a couple of years after the 2021 figures the
study used, it sits at 1.6.
That 70s dip
was thanks to the pill, Allen says, but also other big social changes around
gender equality, with women increasingly educated, working and with access to
no-fault divorce.
There are
those who decide they don’t want any children. There are women deferring having
children, and therefore having fewer as their personal fertility declines. And
in Australia and other developed nations there are fewer
teen pregnancies – generally considered a good thing, but also something
that contributes to a lower fertility rate.
Childcare,
baby bonus, parental leave: can governments fix it?
Governments
throughout the OECD – and increasingly in developing countries – are trying all
manner of ways to boost fertility.
Most
low-fertility countries have some form of maternity leave. Many have subsidised
childcare and some form of family allowance and just over half have flexible
work hours or tax credits for dependent children, according to the United
Nations. But even Nordic countries, with their focus on gender equality,
parental leave and a strong social services network, are experiencing declining
fertility.
In China, the
“one-child policy” has become a “three-child
policy”, along with better maternal health care – and decreased access to
abortions. Japanese politicians are trying to outdo
each other with pronatalistic policies including subsidies, free daycare,
better job security and support for fertility treatments. And the South Korean
government has spent more than US$200bn to support families to have children.
It hasn’t
worked. The best-intentioned policies have consistently led to less of a baby
boom and more the occasional baby bump.
Take
Australia’s baby bonus, for example, introduced by then treasurer Peter
Costello with the exhortation: “One for mum, one for dad, and one for the
country”.
It worked, a
bit, but experts describe the fertility uptick as more of a “blip”. That hasn’t
stopped countries including Russia, Greece and Italy giving baby bonuses a go.
Jennifer
Sciubba, an American demographer, political scientist and author of 8 Billion
and Counting: How Sex, Death and Migration Shape Our World, was on the Ezra
Klein podcast recently talking about the complex interplay of factors
determining baby desires.
She says
following the “success sequence” – getting an education, a great job, a home,
some savings – means pushing back having children. And once people have more
money, they also want to have other things in their lives that kids might
detract from – going out for a nice meal, taking a holiday, a full night’s
sleep.
Having more
than two can seem unimaginably intensive, hard and expensive, she says, but
it’s never just the money. What about family and community support? Religion?
The “little logistics” like needing a new car to fit enough car seats?
Through east
Asia, Sciubba says, the idea is spreading that “marriage is no longer required
to have a good life”.
“It might
actually stifle your life because of gender relations within the household,”
she says.
Sciubba
questions how much the state can do. Then there’s the prevailing culture; in
South Korea, for example, there’s paid paternity leave, but men don’t take it.
“[And] once
[countries] fall below [replacement level], they tend to stay there,” Sciubba
says.
Hungary, under
Viktor Orbán, has offered free IVF, tax breaks and low-interest loans for
families with children – and while that has pushed up the fertility rate, it is
also a cloak for nationalist identity politics and comes with restrictions on
birth control and abortion.
“You can
strip away individual rights” in order to increase fertility rates, Sciubba
says. “I am not advocating for that.”
She points to
the example of Romanian leader Nicolae Ceaușescu, the dictatorial communist
leader who came to power in the late 60s. He tried to boost the fertility rate
by outlawing contraception and banning
abortion for women under 40 with fewer than four children; women died from
childbirth or backyard abortions and orphanages filled up with abandoned
babies.
“You did see
births increase … as long as his thumb was pressing on it. Then it went back
down,” Sciubba says.
A 2022 review
done by the Australian National University for the federal government’s centre
for population found financial incentives like the baby bonus and the family
tax benefit can have a positive effect on fertility. “However, the effect is
usually small because transfers represent a minor fraction of the total direct
costs of children,” it found.
The baby
bonus potentially increased births, temporarily, by about 2%. Other policies,
including better childcare and better parental leave, can all do a bit, but
they are not fixing the problem.
The top three
most important factors associated with fertility decisions, the ANU review
found, were the cost, job security, and “having someone to love”.
Allen says by
about 2054, it’s likely there will be natural population decline – more deaths
than births. So immigration will be more important than ever to fill skills
shortages and fuel growth. To build homes and infrastructure. In Australia,
immigration is used to buffer the fertility rate – but it is its own
policy battleground.
‘The blame
gets placed on women’
With no
answers in sight, Allen says, there’s also an ethical problem. Women are asked to have
the kids, care for the elderly, participate in the workforce and do the unpaid
labour at home. And young people now see through this, she says.
Allen says
the push for women to shoulder the burden of the demographic “crisis” has been
going on in Australia since colonisation. It was part of displacing First
Nations people and creating a European outpost, she says, of ensuring the
“right kind of women” breed.
“We see
echoes of these encouragements from these politicians over time. They say
things like ‘populate or perish’. ‘Lie back and think of England’. ‘One for
mum, one for dad and one for the country’. ‘The right women aren’t having
enough babies, the wrong women are having too many babies’,” Allen says.
“The blame
gets placed on women. Women are seen as the gatekeepers of population and are
seen as hedonistic and selfish if they do not populate.”
She points to
a 1944 inquiry into Australian birthrates, where women were – for the first
time – allowed to have a voice. In response to (yet another) call for women to
“populate or perish”, one woman voiced her frustration at the burden thrust
upon her.
“You men in
easy chairs say populate or perish,” she said. “Well I have populated and I
have perished with no blankets.”
Sophia is now
pregnant – just in the early stages – which is why she didn’t want to use her
full name.
“I was pretty
sure that I didn’t want children. There was a big lifestyle factor. It changes
your life to be responsible for another human.
“Ultimately
it was a very selfish decision … on this one I’m going to own it. I selfishly
wanted that extra depth in my life. But it wasn’t an easy decision for my
partner or I ... we really laboured on it, pun intended.
“But on
balance we decided it was what we wanted for our lives.”
More here:
https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/aug/11/global-birthrates-dropping
The having of children is a complex
and very personal topic and it is interesting to see how each generation works
out what suits them.
Long term I suspect it will all even
out, with people deciding pretty rationally, what they wish to do. No doubt –
as a population – we are all still learning to handle the fact that, for all practical
purposes sex has been separated from parenthood! I am also not sure Governments should interfere at all!
How you feel about this fact that sex and reproduction are now largely separate is up
to you but there are very divergent views on the topic as we all know!
Comments and perspectives welcome!
David.